Lumbar disc herniation may cause low back pain, leg pain, numbness, weakness or other signs of nerve compression. Diagnosis and treatment options should be planned according to the patient’s symptoms, physical examination findings and imaging results.

Cervical disc herniation may cause neck pain, shoulder or arm pain, numbness, tingling or weakness due to nerve compression. Diagnosis and treatment should be planned by evaluating the patient’s symptoms, physical examination findings and imaging results together.

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is a spinal condition that appears during growth and may involve a sideways spinal curve together with vertebral rotation. Treatment decisions depend on curve magnitude, growth remaining and the risk of progression.

Kyphosis is an increased forward rounding of the upper back when the spine is viewed from the side. It may be related to posture, Scheuermann kyphosis or other structural spinal conditions; treatment depends on the curve type, magnitude, flexibility and the patient’s symptoms.

Hip replacement is a joint replacement surgery performed in patients whose hip joint is severely damaged due to advanced hip arthritis, developmental hip dysplasia, avascular necrosis or certain fractures. The treatment decision should be made by evaluating pain, walking capacity, limitations in daily life, physical examination findings and imaging results together.

Knee replacement is a joint replacement surgery performed in patients whose knee joint is severely damaged due to advanced knee arthritis, inflammatory joint disease, post-traumatic joint damage or severe deformity. The treatment decision should be made by evaluating pain, walking capacity, stair function, knee range of motion, limitations in daily life, physical examination findings and imaging results together.

Sprengel deformity is a congenital shoulder-girdle deformity in which the shoulder blade is positioned higher than normal and may be rotated or abnormally shaped. It may cause shoulder asymmetry, a visible scapular prominence, short-neck appearance, limited shoulder movement and cosmetic imbalance. The treatment decision should be made by evaluating the severity of the deformity, shoulder motion, the presence of an omovertebral connection, associated congenital anomalies, the child’s age and the expectations of the child and family together.